STUDY GUIDE - PLANTS
DOWN TO "PLANT REPRODUCTION, ANGIOSPERMS, GYMNOSPERMS"
DOWN TO "FLOWERS, MONOCOTS, DICOTS, GROWTH PATTERNS, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, TROPISMS"
Refer to notes, worksheets, past tests and quizzes, and your text to study the topics below.
I. PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDS - ALGAE, MOSSES, AND FERNS
- Know what Kingdom(s) algae belong to and the three phyla of multi-cellular algae we studied. What are the three main phyla of algae we studied? What are "accessory pigments" and what purpose do they serve?
- What is "vascular tissue"? Why did algae not evolve the need for vascular tissue?
- Sargassum and Kelp belong to what phylum of algae? Describe a key characteristic of Brown Algae. What is the difference between Sargassum and Kelp? How is brown algae used by humans and animals?
- What purpose does the red pigment in Red Algae serve? How does that help Red Algae grow in its unique environment? Give four uses for Red Algae.
- Why is Green Algae likely to be the algae you're most familiar with? Why do we not know much about ancient algae? How does the term "mutualism" apply to green algae?
- What algae is most likely the ancestor to modern land plants?
- List and describe the five characteristics or capabilities that plants must have in order to live on land.
- What three groups of plants are referred to as "bryophytes"? Bryophytes are spore-bearing plants that lack vascular tissue. How do bryophytes adapt to life on land? Why are mosses never found near cities?
- What is the difference between true leaves and leaf-like structures, true stems and stem-like structures, true roots and root-like structures? What type of structures do mosses have? "Root-like" structures are known as _________________? How do mosses get water to move upward from the ground?
- Bryophytes survive times of unfavorable conditions by ____________________________________?
- Describe the stages in "alternation of generations".
- How have humans used mosses?
- Ferns belong to a group of plants known as _____________________________________________. They are spore-bearing plants with vascular tissue. What does "vascular" mean?
- How do ferns in the tropics differ from ferns in temperate regions?
- Know definitions on vocabulary list: woody, herbaceous, rhizome, frond, sori, spores.
- Describe the purpose and characteristics of true roots, stems, and leaves. What purpose do roots serve? How do roots and leaves prevent themselves from drying out? What do stems do and why does a plant not fall over? Do ferns have true roots, stems, and leaves?
- Why is water necessary for reproduction in mosses and ferns even though they grow on land?
- Be able to label the parts of moss and fern plants.
II. PLANT STRUCTURE
A. Roots -
- Describe the three purposes roots provide to a plant.
- Differentiate between fibrous roots and tap roots.
- List the tissue layers found in a root from the outside to the inside. Describe the purpose for each tissue type.
- How does a root grow longer? How does a root grow wider?
- What is a root hair and how does water move into a root?
- Why are some roots referred to as "adventitious"?
- Are roots a tissue, an organ, or an organ system?
B. Stems -
- What purposes do stems serve?
- Contrast woody and herbaceous stems. In what kind of plants are each found?
- List the tissue layers found in a stem from the outside to the inside. Describe the purpose for each tissue type.
- How does a stem grow wider? How does a stem grow longer?
- How does Springwood differ from Summerwood? Describe the differences in both function and appearance. How does Heartwood differ Sapwood? Describe the differences in both function and appearance. How do annual rings form in the wood of a tree?
- What is bark? What are buds? What purpose do buds serve? Be able to label terminal, lateral, alternate, and opposite buds on a twig diagram. What is a leaf scar? What is a bud scar?
- Are stems a tissue, an organ, or an organ system?
C. Leaves -
- The purpose of a leaf is ______________________________________________________________.
- How do broad leaves, petioles, blades, and axillary buds relate? How do simple leaves differ from compound leaves? What adaptive advantage do needles provide.
- List all the tissue layers of a leaf and describe the purpose of each tissue type. What is a cuticle? Be able to label all the tissues on a diagram of a leaf (see page 139 of text).
- How do O2, CO2, and water vapor get into and out of a leaf? How do guard cells affect how these substances going in and out? Why do these substances need to go into and out of a leaf anyway?
- Are leaves a tissue, an organ, or an organ system?
- Where are the chlorophyll containing cells found in a leaf? What is a vein?
- What tissues do roots, stems, and leaves all have in common? What is the importance of tissues being common to all parts of a plant?
- Is a plant an organ, organ system, or an organism?
III. PLANT REPRODUCTION, GYMNOSPERMS, ANGIOSPERMS,
A. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION -
- How does a vegetable differ from a fruit?
- What is "vegetative reproduction"? What plant parts are often involved in vegetative reproduction? What is a "cutting"?
- Is vegetative reproduction sexual or asexual? Why?
B. GYMNOSPERMS -
- Plants that do not produce flowers, but do produce seeds are called __________________________.
- What is a "conifer"? How are needle leaves adapted to cold temperatures?
- Define cone and ovule.
- How do pollination and fertilization differ? Which comes first, fertilization or pollination? Fertilization results in the formation of a ___________.
- Explain what pollen is. What is the difference between a male cone and a female cone? What is a scale? Where are ovules located?
- Explain whether gymnosperms reproduce sexually or asexually.
- What are the three parts of a seed? Why is a gymnosperm seed said to be "naked"? How are the seeds of gymnosperms dispersed?
- Why are gymnosperms important in the evolutionary scheme of things? How are they TOTALLY adapted to life on land?
- List the four phyla of gymnosperms currently in existence.
C. ANGIOSPERMS -
- Woody or herbaceous plants that produce flowers are called ________________________________.
- What is a flower? What does a flower eventually become?
- Discuss why angiosperms are considered more advanced than gymnosperms. How are they TOTALLY adapted to life on land. How are angiosperm seeds dispersed?
- List some common examples of angiosperms.
IV. FLOWERS, MONOCOTS, DICOTS, GROWTH PATTERNS, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, TROPISMS
A. FLOWERS -
- Describe and label: sepals, petals, stamens (anther and filament) and pistils (stigma, style, ovary).
- What does pollen have to do with reproduction in angiosperms?
- Know the difference between pollination and fertilization. Which comes first? What is a pollen tube?
- How does a seed form? What is a fruit and how does a fruit form?
- Be able to label all the parts of a flower (see page 150 of your text).
B. MONOCOTS AND DICOTS -
- List and describe all the ways monocots and dicots differ. How are they alike? Name some common plants from each group.
C. GROWTH PATTERNS -
- What is a plant that lives only one growing season called? How does such a plant get through the winter?
- What is a biennial? Describe each year of the life of a biennial. How do biennials get through the winter?
- If a plant lives season after season after season, what are they called? What type of stems do such plants have. How do they get through the winter?
D. PHOTOSYNTHESIS -
- Know the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs.
- Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis using both chemical symbols and words. Know the reactants and the products of this reaction. Where do the reactants come from? Where do the products go?
- Clearly describe all aspects of the Light Reaction in detail. Clearly describe all aspects of the Dark Reaction in detail.
E. TROPISMS -
- Be able to define tropism. List several tropisms and compare a positive tropism to a negative tropism. What else do plants respond to other than tropisms?
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